Heart failure (HF) is a complex and potentially fatal illness that is marked by high expenses, severe morbidity and mortality, reduced functional ability, and poor quality of life [1]. It affects 6.2 million individuals over the age of 20 or 2.2% of the population in the United States alone. In...
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex and multifaceted clinical syndrome [1], characterized by significant impairments in cardiac structure and function ( [2], leading to a notable reduction in myocardial contractility or relaxation ( [3]. This condition, which has profound implications for the heart’s...
As the population ages more rapidly, the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has become a significant concern for both society and families [1]. Heart failure (HF), which is particularly prevalent among elderly individuals, represents the final stage of the progression of heart disease [2]. There...
Data are available upon reasonable request. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2024-324679...
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), defined by the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, is a nephron and renal impairment condition characterized by elevated creatinine levels and decreased urine output over a short term, typically less than 7 days [1]. A meta-analysis of data from...