Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is an important health problem that affects approximately 1 in 1000 to 2 in 1000 individuals in the general population annually [1]. The risk of VTE is estimated to be approximately 4–6.5 times greater...
Cesarean section (CS) can be a life-saving surgical intervention but can also introduce complications to the mother and the newborn. The commonly reported acute complications include infections such as endometritis or wound infections, hematomas or abscesses [1]. Bladder flap hematoma (BFH) is a rare...
BCa is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors in the urinary system worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates [1]. Approximately 75% of patients are initially diagnosed with non-muscle invasive BCa (NMIBC) [2]. Between 50% and 70% of NMIBC patients experience recurrence within...
As a member of the cohesin complex, stromal antigen 2 (STAG2) functions in sister chromatid cohesion [1], DNA damage response via homologous recombination [2, 3–4], and genome organization [5, 6, 7–8]. STAG2 is often mutated in bladder cancer, with a higher frequency of mutations in non-muscle...
Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (BPS/IC) is a chronic condition characterized by pelvic pain, pressure, or discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder, accompanied by at least one other urinary symptom, such as persistent urge to void or frequency [1]. Despite established diagnostic...