
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting women globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It arises through a well-characterized multistep process known as cervical carcinogenesis, which is initiated by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus...

The emergence and rapid global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, exposed the vulnerabilities in existing healthcare surveillance systems, particularly in low-and-middle income countries [1, 2]. As of May 2025, a report by the...

By the end of 2024, an estimated 1.35 million individuals in China were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), highlighting its status as a major public health concern [1]. Since the launch and expansion of the National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program in 2002, access to antiretroviral...

Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has heavily affected the lives of people all around the world. Despite the development of efficacious vaccines, surveillance systems, and personal protective equipment reducing the spread of infection,...