
As the COVID-19 pandemic transitions into its fourth year, understanding the dynamics of immunity is critical for implementing effective public health measures. This study examines vaccine-induced, natural, and hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong, focusing on their protective effectiveness and...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was first recognized as a fatal disease in the 1980s. However, improvements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have transformed HIV infection into a manageable chronic condition, leading to an improvement in life expectancy [1]. Globally, cohort studies from...

Abacavir (ABC), a guanosine analogue that inhibits reverse transcriptase, is presently used as a first-line treatment for children living with HIV (CLHIV) with a haemoglobin level below 9 g/dl by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) in India and it is also suggested as an alternative initial...

Since the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in The 1980s, The epidemic has remained a major public-health challenge. In 2023, an estimated 39.6 million people were living with HIV worldwide, with 1.3 million new infections and...