
The emergence and rapid global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, exposed the vulnerabilities in existing healthcare surveillance systems, particularly in low-and-middle income countries [1, 2]. As of May 2025, a report by the...

By the end of 2024, an estimated 1.35 million individuals in China were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), highlighting its status as a major public health concern [1]. Since the launch and expansion of the National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program in 2002, access to antiretroviral...

Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has heavily affected the lives of people all around the world. Despite the development of efficacious vaccines, surveillance systems, and personal protective equipment reducing the spread of infection,...

Vaccination against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and natural infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can each induce immunological protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The combined protection is known as hybrid immunity. High incidence of SARS-CoV-2...

To determine whether in utero exposure to maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children by age 3 years. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 18,124 live births to individuals...