
Vaccination against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and natural infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can each induce immunological protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The combined protection is known as hybrid immunity. High incidence of SARS-CoV-2...

To determine whether in utero exposure to maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children by age 3 years. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 18,124 live births to individuals...

There are approximately 14.8 million people who inject drugs (PWID) worldwide, with an estimated 38.8% (or 5.8 million) living with hepatitis C (HCV), 15.2% (or 2.3 million) living with HIV, and 8.4% (or 1.2 million) living with hepatitis B (HBV) [1]. Between 2010 and 2022, annual new HIV infections...

As the COVID-19 pandemic transitions into its fourth year, understanding the dynamics of immunity is critical for implementing effective public health measures. This study examines vaccine-induced, natural, and hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong, focusing on their protective effectiveness and...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was first recognized as a fatal disease in the 1980s. However, improvements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have transformed HIV infection into a manageable chronic condition, leading to an improvement in life expectancy [1]. Globally, cohort studies from...