
Breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most common malignancy worldwide. According to statistics from the world health organization in 2020, there were approximately 2.3 million newly diagnosed female breast cancer patients globally, with around 690,000 deaths [1]. In breast cancer patients,...

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, with its incidence rising steadily in recent years [1, 2–3]. As a biologically heterogeneous disease, BC is classified into distinct molecular subtypes, each with...

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide and is a heterogeneous disease comprising intrinsic molecular subtypes associated with varying biological behaviors, treatment strategies, and prognosis [1]. St. Gallen guidelines classify it into four molecular subtypes: Luminal...

Periampullary carcinomas encompass four main types: ampullary cancer, distal cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic head cancer, and duodenal cancer [1]. Pancreatoduodenectomy is typically performed for both pancreatic cancer and non-pancreatic periampullary cancers (i.e. distal cholangiocarcinoma, ampullary...

By 2023, Bladder Caner (BCa) is the fourth most common cancer in men, accounting for 6% of estimated new cancers and 4% of cancer-related deaths. Globally, more than 500,000 new diagnoses and approximately 200,000 deaths are reported annually [1, 2]. At the time of initial diagnosis, 70–75% of...