Breast cancer is not only the most prevalent malignancy worldwide, but also the leading cause of cancer-related death in women [1]. In fact, personalized medicine is crucial for improving the clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients [2, 3–4]. However, the high degree of inter-tumor and intra-tumor...
Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is involved in the proliferation of human tumor cells [1]. By introducing HER2-targeting molecules, beginning with trastuzumab for breast cancer [2], the clinical outcome of HER2-positive cancers, including breast cancer and gastric...
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity [25]. and mortality rates worldwide, and clinically most of the lung cancer patients are already in advanced stages when they present with symptoms at the clinic, and the overall 5-year survival rate of advanced lung cancer patients...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide [1, 2]. PCa is typically detected with digital rectal examinations (DREs) and/or serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level testing. Positive DRE/PSA testing is typically followed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsies....
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality among malignant tumours of female reproductive system [1], with about 52, 100 new cases and 22, 500 cancer-related deaths annually in China [2]. Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) account for more than 85% of all OCs, while germ cell and sex cord stromal cell...