
F-FDG PET/CT is a widely used functional imaging technique essential for diagnosis, staging, treatment monitoring [1, 2–3]. Accurate quantification and high image quality are critical, yet often limited by image noise and contrast. The reconstruction algorithm significantly affects both image quality...

Gastroscopy is usually performed under sedation to ease pain and ensure effective and timely completion [1, 2]. It often results in hypoxemia, a common and serious complication due to airway obstruction, respiratory depression, and the inevitable sharing of the upper airway space with the endoscope....

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as a cornerstone in gastrointestinal diagnostics and therapeutics worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, however, its development has not yet been comprehensively reviewed in the context of evolving clinical practice and training needs. This narrative review synthesises published...

Colorectal cancer accounts for 10.0% of new cancer cases worldwide, while its mortality rate is 9.4%, making it the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths [1]. Colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) refer to secondary malignant liver tumours originating from primary colorectal cancer and represent...

The liver serves as the link between metabolic homeostasis and digestive function, and is an extremely important organ in human physiology. Its critical role is profoundly challenged by hepatic malignancies, which constitute a major source of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally, posing a...