
Gastric varices (GV) are intricate networks of vascular shunts that connect the portosplenic venous system with the systemic veins of the abdomen and thorax and dilated submucosal veins in the stomach, which form as a compensatory mechanism to portal hypertension [1]. GVs are reported in 5%–33%...

Distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA), a malignant tumor of the middle to lower bile duct, is relatively rare but poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Radical pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) is the standard curative approach [1, 2]. However, this surgery’s complexity—involving...

The common bile duct (CBD) stone leads to biliary obstruction, which in turn causes cholestasis and bacterial retrograde infection. This is the most common cause of acute cholangitis (AC) [1]. AC is a life-threatening medical emergency. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of AC are associated with high mortality....

F-FDG PET/CT is a widely used functional imaging technique essential for diagnosis, staging, treatment monitoring [1, 2–3]. Accurate quantification and high image quality are critical, yet often limited by image noise and contrast. The reconstruction algorithm significantly affects both image quality...

Gastroscopy is usually performed under sedation to ease pain and ensure effective and timely completion [1, 2]. It often results in hypoxemia, a common and serious complication due to airway obstruction, respiratory depression, and the inevitable sharing of the upper airway space with the endoscope....