
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic condition characterized by extreme mood changes between mania or hypomania and depression, affecting approximately 40 million people worldwide [1]. While acute mood episodes are a defining feature, cognitive impairment has emerged as a central determinant of long-term...

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a chronic, recurrent psychiatric illness characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression (Vieta et al. 2018). It affects an estimated 1–3% of the global population and remains a leading cause of disability, with high rates of cognitive and functional...

There are both in-vivo and in-vitro preclinical studies suggesting potential anticancer effects of valproate in malignant hematological diseases and solid tumors (e.g., glioma, colon) [1, 2]. These effects may be largely attributable to valproate’s activity as a class I and IIa histone deacetylases...

Bipolar I disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness characterized by episodic mood disturbances, most notably, mania and depression (American Psychiatric Association 2013). In addition to these defining mood states, there is emerging evidence in BD of clinical features that overlap with those observed...

Older-age bipolar disorder (OABD), defined as patients with bipolar disorder (BD) aged over 50, represents approximately 25% of the BD population [1]. As life expectancy increases, the absolute number of individuals with OABD is expected to grow [2]. Compared to younger and middle-aged BD patients, OABD...