
It is difficult to model bipolar disorder in animals because the illness has opposed behavioral expressions and a multitude of associated pathophysiologic anomalies. The authors undertook a focused narrative review. The authors searched PubMed for all animal models of mania or bipolar disorder but focused...

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness (SMI) affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population and is associated with a significantly reduced life expectancy, often by as much as 20 years (Faedda et al. 2015). Despite its substantial impact, a clearly defined at-risk mental...

Substance-induced psychosis (SIP) is characterized by the occurrence of delusions and/or hallucinations following the consumption or withdrawal of a recently ingested psychoactive substance [1]. It is distinguished from organic psychoses, such as those classified under the schizophrenia spectrum disorder...

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious and persistent mood disorder that significantly impairs patients’ social functioning and quality of life [29]. It ranks among the leading causes of disability worldwide [35]. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition...