Characterized by mood disturbances, bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex and multifaceted mental illness regarded as one of the most severe mental disorders worldwide. The adult population’s estimated lifetime prevalence of BD falls within 1–3% [1]. Additionally, it is the 6th major cause of...
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a high-recurrence chronic mental illness characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression [1, 2]. BD can affect individuals across all age groups, but the early symptoms of BD typically appear during youth (age between 10 and 24 years old), with the highest incidence...
Bipolar disorder (BD), characterized by recurrent episodes of elevated mood and depression, has been reported to have an overall lifetime prevalence of 2.4% [1]. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the mixed states of BD were defined as the presence...
Bipolar disorder is a recurrent, chronic condition characterized by persistent and complex mood dysregulation, with recurring episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Mood episodes may be influenced by medication nonadherence, which can be predicted by factors...