
Depressive episodes occur within the clinical course of both bipolar depression (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD, or unipolar depression, UD), with a frequent and often under-recognized adolescent onset [1]. Furthermore, both disorders often lead to serious social and educational impairments,...

Bipolar depression with acute suicidal ideation and behavior (ASIB) is a life- threatening manifestation of bipolar disorder (BD), with a suicide risk higher than that in other psychiatric disorders and the general population. Rapid and effective interventions are critical, as traditional therapies are...

It is difficult to model bipolar disorder in animals because the illness has opposed behavioral expressions and a multitude of associated pathophysiologic anomalies. The authors undertook a focused narrative review. The authors searched PubMed for all animal models of mania or bipolar disorder but focused...

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness (SMI) affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population and is associated with a significantly reduced life expectancy, often by as much as 20 years (Faedda et al. 2015). Despite its substantial impact, a clearly defined at-risk mental...