
According to statistics from the Global Cancer Observatory, in 2022, Breast Cancer (BC) was responsible for nearly one quarter of all cancer diagnoses in women. It also ranks first in cancer mortality for women, with 666,103 deaths registered in 2022 [1, 2, 3, 4–5]. Continuous advances both in...

Breast cancer (BC) is a frequently diagnosed malignancy and a key cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for approximately 685,000 annual deaths in women worldwide [1]. Among BC subtypes, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER-2+) accounts for nearly 15-20% of all cases and is...

In the therapeutic management of breast cancer, it is important to confirm the presence or absence of hormone receptor expression and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor expression. HER2 status has traditionally been classified as either positive or negative by immunohistochemistry...

The reliability and robustness of oncology gene expression profiling studies are affected by size and quality of available sample expression data. Dataset sample count has a major impact on robustness of clinical gene expression analyses, yet the size of most previous studies has been driven by sample...