
Prostate cancer has become the second most common malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among men globally, with nearly 1.4 million new cases and 375,000 deaths annually [1]. In Western countries, the incidence of prostate cancer is higher due to early screening using prostate-specific...

Extraprostatic extension (EPE) of the primary prostate cancer (PCa) lesion is indicative of aggressive disease. It remains an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence (BCR), progression-free survival, and need for adjuvant therapy [1, 2]. Furthermore, EPE has direct implications during prostate...

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy and leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally, with the World Health Organization (WHO) underscoring early detection as a critical determinant for improving prognostic outcomes and survival rates [1]. The histological examination...

With 2.3 million new cases occurring in 2020, breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide [1], and rational treatment can help reduce recurrence and improve prognosis [2]. With the development of molecular techniques, breast cancer has been shown to be a highly heterogeneous tumor [3], which poses...

The AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development, survival, and proliferation of tumor cells [1]. As a central component of the AKT/mTOR/PI3K pathway, AKT serves as an essential mediator that transmits signals...