
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder, characterized by considerable heterogeneity, imposing a significant healthcare burden globally [1, 2]. Cognitive impairment, as a core symptom of schizophrenia, substantially contributes to functional disability among affected individuals [3] and often...

Resistant auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) remains a disabling symptom in schizophrenia. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and its more targeted variant, high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS), have shown promising results in reducing AVH. We aimed to determine the effects of adjunctive HD-tDCS...

Stigma encompasses negative beliefs and attitudes that result in behaviors characterized by avoidance, rejection, or fear of people perceived as different1. Among mental conditions, schizophrenia stands out as one of the most stigmatized2,3. Even today, people often associate schizophrenia with predetermined...

The “dopamine hypothesis” is one of the leading pathoetiologic theories of schizophrenia and has undergone significant evolution since its inception1, 2–3. The classical hypothesis was originally proposed in the mid-20th century following the discovery of antipsychotic drugs dopamine...