
Perception integrates sensory input with prior knowledge. Alterations in how both information sources are combined may lead to the departures from consensus reality that characterize schizophrenia (SZ). One source of prior knowledge is recent experience. Visual aftereffects-perceptions of the "opposite"...

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with a partially understood pathophysiology involving multiple neurotransmitter systems and receptor families in its onset and progression. Modern therapeutic approaches for effective schizophrenia treatment require multi-target drug actions that exert...

Schizophrenia management using conventional oral antipsychotic formulations is constrained by poor bioavailability, extensive first-pass metabolism, and dose-related systemic adverse effects. Intranasal drug delivery using nanocarrier systems has emerged as a promising strategy for direct brain targeting...

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a major public health concern that places a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. This study assessed the direct medical costs of SCZ and examined cost drivers at Hospital Pulau Pinang (HPP), Malaysia. To estimate and compare direct medical costs for SCZ patients across...