
Oxidative stress is associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Peripheral non-enzymatic antioxidants can reflect the degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels, and can be used as markers of oxidative stress. However, the relationships between these markers and the clinical phenotypes...

Perception integrates sensory input with prior knowledge. Alterations in how both information sources are combined may lead to the departures from consensus reality that characterize schizophrenia (SZ). One source of prior knowledge is recent experience. Visual aftereffects-perceptions of the "opposite"...

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with a partially understood pathophysiology involving multiple neurotransmitter systems and receptor families in its onset and progression. Modern therapeutic approaches for effective schizophrenia treatment require multi-target drug actions that exert...

Schizophrenia management using conventional oral antipsychotic formulations is constrained by poor bioavailability, extensive first-pass metabolism, and dose-related systemic adverse effects. Intranasal drug delivery using nanocarrier systems has emerged as a promising strategy for direct brain targeting...