
Systematic biopsy (SBx) has traditionally been the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer, but its clinical application has significant limitations [1, 2]. Although 12-core systematic biopsy has largely replaced the traditional sextant biopsy, its random sampling strategy still cannot overcome...

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer of all cancer types [1]. Accurate preoperative staging of PCa is critical for guiding treatment decisions [2]. Extracapsular extension (ECE) is a key determinant in preoperative staging and significantly influences...

Over the last decade, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been successfully applied to medical image classification, enabling the identification of disease patterns1, 2, 3–4. For instance, algorithms developed as part of the prostate cancer grade assessment (PANDA) challenge have successfully...

Prostate cancer continues to pose a major global public health challenge, with its burden differing widely across regions due to variations in genetics, environmental exposures, and socioeconomic conditions [1, 2]. Globally, it ranks as the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy among men, accounting...