
In Japan, prostate cancer (PC) incidence and mortality rates are increasing [1, 2–3]. In 2022, there were an estimated 96,400 new cases of PC in Japan, and approximately 13,300 deaths were attributable to the disease [2]. The rise in PC cases in Japan is due in part to Japan’s aging population...

Systematic biopsy (SBx) has traditionally been the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer, but its clinical application has significant limitations [1, 2]. Although 12-core systematic biopsy has largely replaced the traditional sextant biopsy, its random sampling strategy still cannot overcome...

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer of all cancer types [1]. Accurate preoperative staging of PCa is critical for guiding treatment decisions [2]. Extracapsular extension (ECE) is a key determinant in preoperative staging and significantly influences...

Over the last decade, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been successfully applied to medical image classification, enabling the identification of disease patterns1, 2, 3–4. For instance, algorithms developed as part of the prostate cancer grade assessment (PANDA) challenge have successfully...