
Prostate cancer (PCa) is among the most common malignancies in men. With the widespread adoption of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, detection rates have steadily increased [1]. Radical prostatectomy (RP) remains a first-line treatment for patients with localized or locally advanced disease;...

Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy globally and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males [1].Researchers have extensively investigated factors influencing cancer mortality to develop more effective intervention strategies. A substantial proportion of PCa patients...

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated that approximately 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths occurred worldwide in 2022, with one in six of all deaths being due to cancer [1]. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men worldwide...

In Japan, prostate cancer (PC) incidence and mortality rates are increasing [1, 2–3]. In 2022, there were an estimated 96,400 new cases of PC in Japan, and approximately 13,300 deaths were attributable to the disease [2]. The rise in PC cases in Japan is due in part to Japan’s aging population...