
Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy globally and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males [1].Researchers have extensively investigated factors influencing cancer mortality to develop more effective intervention strategies. A substantial proportion of PCa patients...

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated that approximately 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths occurred worldwide in 2022, with one in six of all deaths being due to cancer [1]. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men worldwide...

In Japan, prostate cancer (PC) incidence and mortality rates are increasing [1, 2–3]. In 2022, there were an estimated 96,400 new cases of PC in Japan, and approximately 13,300 deaths were attributable to the disease [2]. The rise in PC cases in Japan is due in part to Japan’s aging population...

Systematic biopsy (SBx) has traditionally been the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer, but its clinical application has significant limitations [1, 2]. Although 12-core systematic biopsy has largely replaced the traditional sextant biopsy, its random sampling strategy still cannot overcome...