
Combination therapies have become the standard primary approach for treating metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). The second-generation androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI) apalutamide is a widely utilized therapeutic agent in this context, reducing tumor volume by suppressing...

Prostate cancer is a leading malignancy among men worldwide and an increasing challenge for emerging economies. The expanded BRICS nations represent regions undergoing rapid demographic and epidemiological transitions, yet data on their comparative disease and economic burden remain limited. We analyzed...

Prostate Cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among men globally and is the fourth primary cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1, 2]. The number of people diagnosed with PCa worldwide is approximately 1,5 million in 2022 [2, 3–4]. The five-year prevalence of...

Prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression are driven by androgens, primarily testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), through activation of the androgen receptor (AR), with androgen sensitivity persisting across all disease stages [1, 2–3]. This dependency forms the basis for effective...