
Prostate Cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among men globally and is the fourth primary cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1, 2]. The number of people diagnosed with PCa worldwide is approximately 1,5 million in 2022 [2, 3–4]. The five-year prevalence of...

Prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression are driven by androgens, primarily testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), through activation of the androgen receptor (AR), with androgen sensitivity persisting across all disease stages [1, 2–3]. This dependency forms the basis for effective...

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the USA [1, 2–3]. While early-stage PC has a favorable prognosis, survival rates decline significantly when the disease becomes metastatic or castration-resistant [3]. Androgen deprivation therapy...

Black men are twice as likely to die from prostate cancer (PCa) compared to White men [1]. Although rates of more aggressive PCa subtypes appear to be higher among Black men [2, 3], a growing body of literature highlights the significant role of access to care and socioeconomic factors as major contributors...