The functional evaluation of coronary physiology plays a vital role in guiding diagnosis and treatment strategies in patients with known or suspected coronary artery diseases (CAD). The invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) has the highest recommendation (class IA) for the evaluation of CAD in guidelines...
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a range of conditions, including patients who present with recent changes in signs and symptoms, with or without electrocardiogram (ECG) alterations, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin-T enzyme levels [1]. ACS is classified into ST-elevation...
Diabetes is a major challenge in the global public health field. As of 2021, the global number of adults with diabetes was 536.6 million, and this figure is expected to increase to 783.2 million by 2045 [1, 2, 3–4]. Compared with the per capita cost of $242 in low-income countries, the...
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a well-established surgical strategy for treating multivessel coronary artery disease [1]. Grafting the internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was reported to significantly enhance survival and to demonstrate more than 90% graft...