
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health burden, with approximately 674 million people living with the disease, representing 9% of the global population. It is among the fastest-growing non communicable illnesses with increasing trends of morbidity and mortality. By 2050, it will be the...

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) thrombosis is a major cause of vascular access failure among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD), leading to increased morbidity, frequent hospitalizations, and higher healthcare costs [1, 2]. Despite advances in surgical technique and access surveillance, the...

Haemodialysis (HD) is the most common kidney replacement therapy for people with kidney failure. Clinical goals for people with kidney failure focus on improving quality of life; and routine laboratory testing of haematological and biochemical parameters has become integrated into those receiving HD...

Hemodialysis (HD) catheters are used for vascular access not only in acute HD patients but also in maintenance HD patients who cannot use arteriovenous fistulas or grafts [1]. HD catheters are usually placed in central veins, such as the internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, or femoral vein. Femoral...

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) has become a major global public health concern, with a prevalence of approximately 10%-13% and a mortality rate as high as 30% [1]. Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is one of the primary alternative therapies for ESRD patients. According to recent estimates, approximately...