
The novel coronavirus, which first emerged in China in December 2019, spread rapidly around the world, posing a global threat to public health [1, 2]. The severity of the disease, its lethality, and its impact on vulnerable groups have frightened the entire world, bringing protective measures to the...

Against the backdrop of accelerating global population aging, the incidence of ESRD continues to rise.In China, this trend is particularly pronounced: the proportion of individuals aged ≥ 60 years rose from 7.54% in 1982 to 21.07% in 2023, and those aged ≥ 65 years increased from 4.91% to 15.38%...

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is the primary treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), accounting for approximately 90% of all dialysis worldwide [1]. As of December 2022, the number of individuals undergoing dialysis in China had exceeded one million [2]. Although MHD effectively...

Recent studies show that the prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) among adults in China is 8.2% (95% CI, 7.8%-8.6%), which is higher than the global average [1]. As a replacement therapy, PD is a vital for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but long-term PD can lead to complications...

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by atherosclerotic narrowing of the peripheral arteries and is recognized as a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality [1]. The ankle–brachial index (ABI) is widely applied in clinical settings as a non-invasive method for detecting...