
Hemodialysis (HD) catheters are used for vascular access not only in acute HD patients but also in maintenance HD patients who cannot use arteriovenous fistulas or grafts [1]. HD catheters are usually placed in central veins, such as the internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, or femoral vein. Femoral...

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) has become a major global public health concern, with a prevalence of approximately 10%-13% and a mortality rate as high as 30% [1]. Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is one of the primary alternative therapies for ESRD patients. According to recent estimates, approximately...

The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Taiwan continues to rise steadily, and hemodialysis is the primary treatment for these patients. More than 50% of patients on hemodialysis are over 65 years of age, indicative of an aging patient population. Changes in lifestyle, dietary habits,...

The global incidence of kidney failure has shown a steady increase over the past decade [1, 2]. Epidemiological data demonstrated that approximately 11% of people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide are treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) [3, 4]. Studies have identified physical inactivity...