
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Taiwan continues to rise steadily, and hemodialysis is the primary treatment for these patients. More than 50% of patients on hemodialysis are over 65 years of age, indicative of an aging patient population. Changes in lifestyle, dietary habits,...

The global incidence of kidney failure has shown a steady increase over the past decade [1, 2]. Epidemiological data demonstrated that approximately 11% of people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide are treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) [3, 4]. Studies have identified physical inactivity...

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) stands as the most prevalent life-prolonging treatment for patients with End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) [1]. As of 2023, the global number of patients with Kidney Failure with Replacement Therapy (KFRT) has reached approximately 4.59 million, and this figure is projected...

Cardiovascular events (CVEs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among older individuals with hypertension, where the risk of adverse outcomes is significantly elevated [1]. Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) face an even greater cardiovascular burden...