
Recent studies show that the prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) among adults in China is 8.2% (95% CI, 7.8%-8.6%), which is higher than the global average [1]. As a replacement therapy, PD is a vital for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but long-term PD can lead to complications...

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by atherosclerotic narrowing of the peripheral arteries and is recognized as a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality [1]. The ankle–brachial index (ABI) is widely applied in clinical settings as a non-invasive method for detecting...

Since the first case of AIDS was reported in 1981, approximately 88.4 million people have become infected with HIV, resulting in an estimated 42.3 million deaths by 2023 [1]. The widespread adoption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved overall survival and life expectancy...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health burden, with approximately 674 million people living with the disease, representing 9% of the global population. It is among the fastest-growing non communicable illnesses with increasing trends of morbidity and mortality. By 2050, it will be the...