
Since the first case of AIDS was reported in 1981, approximately 88.4 million people have become infected with HIV, resulting in an estimated 42.3 million deaths by 2023 [1]. The widespread adoption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved overall survival and life expectancy...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health burden, with approximately 674 million people living with the disease, representing 9% of the global population. It is among the fastest-growing non communicable illnesses with increasing trends of morbidity and mortality. By 2050, it will be the...

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) thrombosis is a major cause of vascular access failure among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD), leading to increased morbidity, frequent hospitalizations, and higher healthcare costs [1, 2]. Despite advances in surgical technique and access surveillance, the...

Haemodialysis (HD) is the most common kidney replacement therapy for people with kidney failure. Clinical goals for people with kidney failure focus on improving quality of life; and routine laboratory testing of haematological and biochemical parameters has become integrated into those receiving HD...