The prevalence of End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is increasing rapidly worldwide [1]. Patients with ESRD are dependent on peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis (HD) to get rid of body wastes [2]. The leading cause of death in ESRD patients is cardiovascular disease, which is the most common complication...
Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is an established therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), significantly improving patient survival [1]. However, MHD is frequently complicated by adverse effects, notably thirst—a prevalent and burdensome symptom affecting 32–81% of patients [2]. Crucially,...
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 is an increasing global health concern, affecting 3.4 million individuals worldwide [1]. Kidney transplantation is widely regarded as the preferred treatment option among renal replacement therapies (RRTs); however, its availability is limited [2]. As a consequence,...
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), commonly resulting from hypertension, diabetes, or glomerular diseases [1], affects approximately 85 million people globally and represents a significant public health concern [2]. As CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease, renal replacement therapies become necessary,...