Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a substantial health burden [1]. CKD stage 5 represents the most severe phase of the condition. The high prevalence of vascular calcification among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is well-documented, highlighting...
Predialysis D-dimers more often are increased in elderly and those with a central dialysis catheter. When blood enters the extracorporeal circuit coagulation appears by contact with the dialyzer membranes and microbubbles of air, forming small clots that pass the air-trap and deposit in organs such as...
Candidal infection is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients due to the presence of diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, neutropenia, intravascular catheters, and the dialysis process. Colonization of Candida in the oropharynx, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract...
Patients with chronic kidney disease are vulnerable to increased mortality. Systemic inflammation, uremic solutes such as middle molecular weight and protein‐bound uremic toxins, and fluid retention are the most critical risk factors for mortality in hemodialysis patients. All aforementioned factors...