Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a condition characterized by injury and scarring in the lungs, which makes breathing difficult due to the lung’s inability to carry oxygen to the bloodstream [1]. In PF, the normal lung tissue morphology was replaced by scar tissue, which may also lead to the accumulation...
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and devastating disorder characterized by unremitting progressive scarring in the lung that leads to breathlessness, respiratory failure, and death [1, 2]. The estimates of the incidence of IPF have varied widely, depending on the case definitions,...
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, posing significant challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and management for healthcare professionals. This disease, characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in affected organs, can involve almost any organ in the body...
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disorder with an estimated median survival time of 3–5 years after diagnosis [1]. Patients with IPF are characterized by restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, progressively deteriorated exercise tolerance, impaired health-related quality...
Over the past two decades, the paradigm of malignant tumor treatment has been revolutionized, which has been predominantly achieved by the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) [1, 2, 3–4]. Despite the approval of numerous ICIs for a variety of malignancies, a majority of patients exhibit...