Thyroid diseases (TD) are widespread, affecting approximately 5% of the general population, and they are often diagnosed in children [1, 2–3]. One example is autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which includes Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). AITD is characterized...
Cardiac and major vascular surgeries are among the most complex and high-risk procedures in modern medicine, often associated with significant morbidity and mortality [1, 2–3]. These surgeries require meticulous preoperative planning, intraoperative precision, and comprehensive postoperative care...
Thyroid cancer is a prevalent endocrine malignancy globally, with a rising global incidence over recent decades and a 20% increase in age-standardized incidence, driven by enhanced early tumor screening, a greater prevalence of personal risk factors, and increased exposure to environmental risks [1,...
Thyroid cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the endocrine system worldwide, with its incidence rising significantly over the past few decades [1, 2–3]. Although its overall prognosis is favorable, there are significant differences in clinical presentation and biological behavior among...
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), including papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer, is the most common malignant tumor of the thyroid, accounting for more than 90% of cases [1, 2]. Although the global incidence of DTC has been increasing continuously, the mortality of DTC patients...