Thyroid cancer (THCA), as the most common endocrine cancer, has a high incidence in women worldwide [1]. According to the Global Cancer Statistics Report, in China, thyroid cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer in 2020, with 221,000 new cases [2]. Surgery is the usual treatment for thyroid cancer,...
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune condition involving the orbital tissues by cellular infiltration and inflammation that mostly affects patients with autoimmune thyroid disease including Graves’ hyperthyroidism [1, 2]. Upper lid retraction, proptosis, and strabismus are the...
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is derived from abnormal follicular cells and constitutes the majority of all thyroid cancer cases, accounting for approximately 90–95% [1]. This category encompasses papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), Hurthle cell/oncocytic...
The thyroid gland tumors give rise to the most common endocrine tumors. In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) redefined the categories and subtypes of thyroid tumors according to the cell origin, histological and molecular characteristics, allowing a clearer understanding of thyroid tumors. Of...
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a common orbital disease that can be sight-threatening and significantly impact the quality of life, particularly in moderate to severe cases [1, 2]. The diagnosis of TED relies on specific clinical and paraclinical criteria [3]. The initial step in diagnosing TED is a thorough...