
Until the early 2010s, metastatic melanoma had limited treatment options and a dismal prognosis with a median survival of only 6 months [1]. Significant improvements have occurred since then, primarily owing to the breakthrough of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) [2, 3–4]....

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intra-ocular malignancy in adults, yet its management remains challenging. Despite recent advances in systemic therapy for metastatic disease, median survival after the onset of metastasis is still under two years [1, 2–3]. At the heart of this challenge...

Immunotherapy has transformed conventional approaches to melanoma treatment. These therapies modulate the immune system to elicit a cytotoxic response in melanoma cells and have demonstrated pronounced efficacy in clinical trials [1]. A variety of approaches for advanced melanoma are available or in...

Melanomagenesis represents one of the most genetically heterogeneous oncogenic processes in human malignancy, characterized by alterations across multiple interconnected signaling pathways that drive the transformation of normal melanocytes into aggressive malignant melanoma [1]. The molecular landscape...

Management of inoperable and advanced malignant melanoma has been transformed in recent years by the advent of a number of approaches, including immune checkpoint blockade, small-molecule inhibitors, and adoptive immunotherapy with ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In this review, we describe...