
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy, accounting for approximately 3% of all melanoma cases [1]. Disease arises from melanocytes in the uvea tract of the eye with the majority of cases affecting the choroid and less frequently the iris and ciliary body. Mean patient age at diagnosis...

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a breakthrough treatment of advanced (i.e. irresectable metastatic) melanoma, as the use of anti-PD-1 anti-CTLA-4 combination therapy increases median overall survival (OS) from 6-9 months to nearly six years [1, 2, 3–4]. However, more than half of...

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare ocular tumor and is considered the most common primary malignant tumor in the adult eye [1]. In the China, the annual incidence rate is about 0.5 per million, accounting for 5% of all melanoma. In 90% of cases, it originates from the choroid, 7% from the ciliary body, and...

Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is an aggressive tumour of the skin [1]. Since the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for the advanced stages, there was an important change in treatment. The mechanism of action of ICI involves the modulation of T-cell, antigen-presenting...