
Over 300 million surgeries are performed around the world annually and this number is projected to increase [1]. Perioperative complications are common and associate with mortality and extensive resource utilization [2, 3]. Preoperative estimation of the risk of complications and death informs patient...

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary system, primarily arising in the bladder (accounting for approximately 90% of cases), ureters, and renal pelvis. Globally, UC is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate, with a significantly higher prevalence...

Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative coccus commonly colonizing the nasopharynx of humans, is a well-known cause of severe invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), primarily manifests as meningococcal sepsis and meningitis [1]. The incidence of IMD was low worldwide, but it varied significantly...

While the overall incidence of sepsis has declined, there has been a notable rise in severe urinary tract infections and urosepsis [1], with correspondingly poor outcomes and complex management requirements [2], including intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). In patients receiving MV, the timing...