
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary system, primarily arising in the bladder (accounting for approximately 90% of cases), ureters, and renal pelvis. Globally, UC is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate, with a significantly higher prevalence...

Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative coccus commonly colonizing the nasopharynx of humans, is a well-known cause of severe invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), primarily manifests as meningococcal sepsis and meningitis [1]. The incidence of IMD was low worldwide, but it varied significantly...

While the overall incidence of sepsis has declined, there has been a notable rise in severe urinary tract infections and urosepsis [1], with correspondingly poor outcomes and complex management requirements [2], including intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). In patients receiving MV, the timing...

Urolithiasis represents a significant global health burden, affecting approximately 10% of the population worldwide with recurrence rates reaching 50% within 5 years after the initial episode [1]. This high recurrence rate substantially decreases patients’ quality of life and imposes considerable...

Urinary tract infection (UTI) defined as the presence of significant bacteria in urine specimen and refers to the proliferation of an infectious agent within the urogenital system with or without structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract that results in irritative and voiding symptoms...