
Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms embedded within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), known as the biofilm matrix, which enables microbial cells to adhere to each other as well as to biotic and abiotic surfaces [1, 2]. Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multi-stage...

The primary functions of the lower urinary tract are the storage and voluntary emptying of urine. A healthy bladder stores urine at low pressure and enables controlled urination [1]. Urodynamic studies (UDS) are among the standardized tests used to evaluate lower urinary tract function and to diagnose...

Over 300 million surgeries are performed around the world annually and this number is projected to increase [1]. Perioperative complications are common and associate with mortality and extensive resource utilization [2, 3]. Preoperative estimation of the risk of complications and death informs patient...

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary system, primarily arising in the bladder (accounting for approximately 90% of cases), ureters, and renal pelvis. Globally, UC is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate, with a significantly higher prevalence...