
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. The treatment protocols and prognosis of CRC are influenced by various factors, such as the Tumor-Node-Metastasis classification, mismatch-repair (MMR) status, and tumor morphology [2, 3–4]. Around...

As breakthroughs in medicine and science accelerate global economic growth, medical education is becoming ever more interconnected and globally oriented [1]. Clinical internship constitutes the pivotal step of medical training, during which medical students successfully translate textbook knowledge into...

E. coli is an opportunistic pathogen that naturally inhabits the gastrointestinal tract, where it generally exists as part of the normal microbiota without causing harm [1]. However, under certain conditions, it can lead to a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal infections, the most common...

In recent years, several clinical trials focused on the potential role of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the adjuvant treatment of muscle-invasive urothelial cancer (UC). Heretofore, only the anti-programmed death protein 1 (anti-PD1) nivolumab received European Medical Agency (EMA) approval...