
Urolithiasis, the condition of forming stones in the urinary system, is a common health problem worldwide and tends to recur. Pathophysiology includes stages such as supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and crystal-cell interactions. Most conventional treatments have disadvantages of failing...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant clinical challenge in patients with urolithiasis [1], with infection rates reported between 7 and 28% of stone formers [2], increasing hospitalization duration and treatment costs substantially when complications arise. The management of these infections...

Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), which refers to renal pelvis cancer and ureteral cancer, is a rare malignant tumor that comprises 5% to 10% of all urothelial tumors. Based on statistics, UTUC has an incidence of approximately 2/100,000, or 2 per 100,000 of the general population [1,...

Managing urothelial carcinoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors requires addressing issues beyond clinical outcomes. Implementation difficulties affect most patients, predictive biomarkers show limited utility, and treatment discontinuation from toxicity remains problematic. This article integrates clinical...

Enfortumab vedotin (EV) plus pembrolizumab is the first-line standard of care for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC). However, randomized data to guide treatment after progression on EV plus pembrolizumab are limited. Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd), a trophoblast...