
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) represents one-quarter of cancers and carries morbidity and mortality. Although cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radical cystectomy improves survival, patients may be ineligible due to renal dysfunction or comorbidities. Immune checkpoint inhibitors...

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common histological subtype of bladder cancer and other malignancies arising from the urinary tract [1]. While many cases are diagnosed at an early and potentially curable stage, a substantial proportion of patients will eventually develop locally advanced or metastatic...

Non-communicable diseases are becoming a global threat that lead to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus(DM) is one of the most prevalent long-lasting, non-communicable, and endocrine system disorder [1]. The 2017 International Diabetics Federation estimated that 451 million (8.4%)...

The destruction of hospitals and the targeting of healthcare workers in armed conflict represent grave atrocities that rightly capture global attention [1]. However, a more insidious and structurally devastating consequence is the severe disruption of a nation’s medical education system—the...