
Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Globally, approximately 49 million individuals are affected by sepsis, with mortality rates as high as 25–55% [1]. Even among survivors, persistent multiorgan dysfunction and cognitive impairment are...

Sepsis remains a major global health challenge in critical care, with its high mortality and morbidity [1]. While various underlying causes induce sepsis, international definitions —starting from Sepsis-1 in 1991 [2] and currently Sepsis-3 since 2016 [3]— have clarified its high burden on...

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection of the endocardium or cardiac valves [1]. Its annual incidence has risen to 2-13.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, driven by expanding use of intracardiac prosthetics and antimicrobial resistance [2, 3, 4–5]. Despite trends in earlier...

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterised by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction and often high mortality [1, 2–3]. In 2017, 48.9 million people were affected by this syndrome, with 19.7% succumbing to it [4]. Survivors face long-term consequences,...