
Prostate cancer has represented one of the most common malignancies, while the worldwide number of disease-related mortality (e.g. 307,500 estimated in 2012 [1], 396,762 reported in 2022 [2]) is likely increasing considerably. Radical prostatectomy for localized or locally advanced prostate...

Urolithiasis is a global disease with high incidence and recurrence rates. The main components of stones include uric acid, cystine, calcium oxalate, etc., with uric acid stones accounting for 10–15% of all urolithiasis cases [1, 2–3]. Knowing the stone composition before treatment is clinically...

The global incidence of renal cell carcinoma continues to rise [1]. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most prevalent subtype, accounts for over 75% of all RCC cases. ccRCC is often associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rates [2, 3–4]. International Society of Urological Pathology...

Meningitis is a devastating disease with a high case fatality rate due to the inflammation of the meninges [1]. It can affect people of all ages and young children, people with weak immunity, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, those with chronic illnesses, and elderly individuals, are high-risk groups...