
Urolithiasis is a global disease with high incidence and recurrence rates. The main components of stones include uric acid, cystine, calcium oxalate, etc., with uric acid stones accounting for 10–15% of all urolithiasis cases [1, 2–3]. Knowing the stone composition before treatment is clinically...

The global incidence of renal cell carcinoma continues to rise [1]. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most prevalent subtype, accounts for over 75% of all RCC cases. ccRCC is often associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rates [2, 3–4]. International Society of Urological Pathology...

Meningitis is a devastating disease with a high case fatality rate due to the inflammation of the meninges [1]. It can affect people of all ages and young children, people with weak immunity, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, those with chronic illnesses, and elderly individuals, are high-risk groups...

Renal fibrosis (RF) is a significant risk factor for poor prognosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1, 2]. Accurate assessment of RF is crucial for the diagnosis and management of CKD. Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing RF, but it is an invasive procedure associated with risks such...

Cardiac arrhythmias have reached epidemic levels around the globe1. In particular, hospitalisation due to atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, has almost doubled over the past 30 years and its burden has surpassed other cardiovascular conditions, such as myocardial infarction...