
SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely contagious single-stranded RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide, causing COVID-19. Vaccination has been pivotal in mitigating its impact. Although mRNA vaccine technology is relatively new, it offers distinct advantages over other vaccine platforms, including rapid manufacturing,...

Vaccines against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are confirmed to be highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections [1, 2, 3–4]. Vaccinating reduces the risk of symptomatic infection, hospitalisations, including in intensive care units, and death [1, 2, 3, 4–5]. The European Medicines...

By 2050, the proportion of the world’s population aged 60 and above is expected to increase from 12% to 22%, and the number of people over 80 years old is projected to triple between 2020 and 2050 [1]. These estimations illustrate the need to address ageing as a significant public health issue...

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has brought unprecedented challenges to global healthcare systems and social structures [1]. Although the development and distribution of vaccines have provided a glimmer of light at the end of the tunnel, the full comprehension of the determinants...

Epitope mimicry is suggested as a mechanism to trigger autoimmune responses. These autoimmune responses could be associated with microbial infections and vaccinations [1]. Autoimmune responses could be deemed significant implications for the safety of vaccine candidates, which is considered one of the...