
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pediatric pathogen worldwide and a major cause of illness and death in children younger than five years. Its clinical spectrum ranges from invasive diseases—such as meningitis and septicemia—to noninvasive infections, including pneumonia, with mucosal illnesses...

The influenza virus causes respiratory illnesses of varying severity in people of all ages, resulting in annual outbreaks worldwide. These outbreaks typically occur during the winter months and can result in severe illness and death among high-risk groups. Seasonal influenza is one of the most common...

Filoviruses are a family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses and are mainly endemic to Africa. They are divided into several virus genera, but outbreaks of human disease have only been caused by Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses [1]. The volatile nature of filovirus diseases, coupled...

Global efforts have reduced the number of years of life lost to infectious diseases. However, progress is challenged by ongoing outbreaks, particularly due to increased human-animal interactions, climate change, shifting land-use patterns, urbanization and migration [1, 2, 3, 4–5]. The health,...