
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV), which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. A human case was first detected in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo [1]. Since its discovery, the disease has remained endemic in Central and Western Africa [2]. There...

Seasonal influenza is a significant public health problem globally, particularly for children1. Approximately 28,000 children under 18 years old die annually from influenza-associated lower respiratory infections, with the majority being under four years old2. Despite being the most effective measure...

SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely contagious single-stranded RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide, causing COVID-19. Vaccination has been pivotal in mitigating its impact. Although mRNA vaccine technology is relatively new, it offers distinct advantages over other vaccine platforms, including rapid manufacturing,...

Vaccines against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are confirmed to be highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections [1, 2, 3–4]. Vaccinating reduces the risk of symptomatic infection, hospitalisations, including in intensive care units, and death [1, 2, 3, 4–5]. The European Medicines...

By 2050, the proportion of the world’s population aged 60 and above is expected to increase from 12% to 22%, and the number of people over 80 years old is projected to triple between 2020 and 2050 [1]. These estimations illustrate the need to address ageing as a significant public health issue...