
Pneumococcal vaccination is essential for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but its efficacy is reduced in those on antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) or immunosuppressive therapy. This study compared immune responses to standard versus intensified pneumococcal vaccination strategies in IBD...

Hepatitis B infection remains an important global public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 2 billion people have evidence of past or present infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide [1, 2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 296 million...

The success of COVID-19 vaccination is linked to trust, hesitancy, and confidence. Racial discrimination impacts vaccine hesitancy and trust, particularly in racialized groups. This study investigates factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine confidence among Canadian parents from different racial groups,...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pediatric pathogen worldwide and a major cause of illness and death in children younger than five years. Its clinical spectrum ranges from invasive diseases—such as meningitis and septicemia—to noninvasive infections, including pneumonia, with mucosal illnesses...

The influenza virus causes respiratory illnesses of varying severity in people of all ages, resulting in annual outbreaks worldwide. These outbreaks typically occur during the winter months and can result in severe illness and death among high-risk groups. Seasonal influenza is one of the most common...