
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the health and well-being of children and adolescents worldwide [1]. Although COVID-19 generally has a milder presentation in the paediatric population, severe outcomes, including hospitalisation and death, can still occur, especially among those with...

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated vaccinology progress, driving rapid vaccine development for infectious and non-infectious diseases. However, challenges persist: malaria, HIV, and dengue lack fully effective vaccines, whereas influenza and tuberculosis face waning efficacy. Emerging pathogens and drug-resistant...

Randomized trials comparing new vaccines against tuberculosis for use in neonates and infants, for whom Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination is established practice, are using tuberculosis infection as the primary endpoint in a non-inferiority design. Markers of tuberculosis infection have imperfect...

Pneumococcal vaccination is essential for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but its efficacy is reduced in those on antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) or immunosuppressive therapy. This study compared immune responses to standard versus intensified pneumococcal vaccination strategies in IBD...

Hepatitis B infection remains an important global public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 2 billion people have evidence of past or present infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide [1, 2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 296 million...