
Vaccines against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are confirmed to be highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections [1, 2, 3–4]. Vaccinating reduces the risk of symptomatic infection, hospitalisations, including in intensive care units, and death [1, 2, 3, 4–5]. The European Medicines...

By 2050, the proportion of the world’s population aged 60 and above is expected to increase from 12% to 22%, and the number of people over 80 years old is projected to triple between 2020 and 2050 [1]. These estimations illustrate the need to address ageing as a significant public health issue...

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has brought unprecedented challenges to global healthcare systems and social structures [1]. Although the development and distribution of vaccines have provided a glimmer of light at the end of the tunnel, the full comprehension of the determinants...

Epitope mimicry is suggested as a mechanism to trigger autoimmune responses. These autoimmune responses could be associated with microbial infections and vaccinations [1]. Autoimmune responses could be deemed significant implications for the safety of vaccine candidates, which is considered one of the...

The malaria parasite caused by Plasmodium falciparum continues to pose a huge public health challenge in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world [1], and morbidity and mortality resulting from falciparum species represent the highest of all the Plasmodium species (World Health...