
Preterm birth has become increasingly common over the past several decades, with global statistics showing that approximately one in nine infants worldwide is born prematurely [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes preterm birth as any delivery that occurs prior to 37 completed weeks of...

Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease primarily transmitted through the fecal–oral route and caused by wild poliovirus (WPV) [1, 2]. Once one of the most feared diseases worldwide, polio caused numerous epidemics during the 20th century, leading to high levels of morbidity and infant mortality,...

Influenza, an acute viral respiratory disease, causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among high-risk groups1, resulting in a substantial disease burden worldwide2. In Hong Kong, there were a total of 942 adult cases of intensive care unit admissions or deaths due to laboratory-confirmed...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global public health challenge, with over 296 million people living with chronic HBV infection and approximately 820,000 deaths annually attributed to HBV-related complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1, 2]. The World Health...