
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most significant cardiac conditions in pediatrics and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, affecting approximately 1% of live births worldwide [1]. CHD is characterized by structural abnormalities of the heart present at birth, affecting...

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with a global prevalence of 315 million people, which poses a major threat to public health [1]. With increasing population aging, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a prevalent comorbidity of CAD, with a prevalence of...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health burden, affecting over 400 million people worldwide and constituting one of the leading causes of morbidity [1]. Despite its prevalence, approximately 45% of adult T2DM cases remain undiagnosed globally [2, 3]. While obesity is a recognized...

Coronary angiography has been an established standard for over 6 decades for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), but its role is limited to assessing vascular lumen and anterograde flow. In the 1980s, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) gained traction in interventional cardiology for its advantages...

Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to have a high death rate, causing a worldwide burden on economies and humanity [1]. CCTA has emerged as the premier option for clinical diagnosis and noninvasive assessment of CAD [2, 3]. However, there has also been an increased focus on concerns regarding excessive...