
Historically, invasive coronary angiography (ICA) has been the gold standard for evaluation of coronary artery plaques [1]. However, its invasiveness, need for contrast administration, and associated procedural risks have prompted the development of non-invasive alternatives. Coronary computed tomography...

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) are rare vascular malformations, accounting for 1–2% of intracranial or spinal AVFs. They exhibit complex angioarchitecture, often involving radiculomeningeal and spinal pial feeders [1]. Pial feeders may develop flow-related aneurysms,...

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most significant cardiac conditions in pediatrics and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, affecting approximately 1% of live births worldwide [1]. CHD is characterized by structural abnormalities of the heart present at birth, affecting...

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with a global prevalence of 315 million people, which poses a major threat to public health [1]. With increasing population aging, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a prevalent comorbidity of CAD, with a prevalence of...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health burden, affecting over 400 million people worldwide and constituting one of the leading causes of morbidity [1]. Despite its prevalence, approximately 45% of adult T2DM cases remain undiagnosed globally [2, 3]. While obesity is a recognized...