In a normal human body, internal organs are generally arranged in a specific pattern called situs solitus, where the heart is on the left side of the chest, the liver is on the right, and other organs are positioned predictably. Heterotaxy syndrome is a rare congenital condition characterized by the...
Pheochromocytoma is an infrequent neuroendocrine neoplasm arising from the adrenal medulla, distinguished by the overproduction of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. It has an incidence rate of approximately 2–8 per million individuals [1]. The clinical presentation of pheochromocytoma...
The fortuitous discovery of an adrenal mass is defined as an adrenal incidentaloma, which is very common, affecting 3%–10% of the global population, with most cases presenting as adrenal adenomas.1 In contrast, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease, with an estimated incidence of 0.7–2...
Primary aldosteronism(PA) is a prevalent underlying cause of hypertension and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and renal morbidity [1, 2]. It is characterized by autonomous secretion of aldosterone (ALDO) from the adrenal glands, resulting in low levels of renin. ALDO is a hormone that modulates...