
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication that is associated with several adverse outcomes including death, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), increased length of hospital stay, chronic kidney disease, and rising health care costs. Even mild forms of kidney injury influence...

Sepsis and septic shock have long been recognized as major contributors to the development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in critically ill patients [1, 2]. The presence of comorbid AKI further increases the risk of sepsis and septic shock [3], highlighting the interdependent relationship between these...

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI) is a major reason for acute kidney injury (AKI) that occurs due to renal transplantation, trauma, sepsis, and some vascular surgery [1]. Although various studies have been performed to understand the causes and molecular mechanisms of renal I/RI, it remains a...

The development of innovative and effective treatments remains a priority [1, 2], especially for chronic and progressive diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality despite current therapies [3, 4, 5–6]. Demonstrating the definitive benefit of new interventions on patient-relevant final...