
Portal hypertension is one of the serious complications with higher mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis [1, 2, 3–4]. Currently, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has become an effective treatment for portal hypertension in patients with decompensated cirrhosis...

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis), a Gram-negative rod-shaped or coccoid bacterium [1, 2–3]. Its incidence in Europe, including Germany, is very low [4, 5–6]. In addition, diagnosis is often challenging owing to the nonspecific...

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as a reduction in kidney function for more than 90 days, and is classified based on cause, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) category and albuminuria category [1]. It ranges from early stages, often symptomatic, to Stage 5 kidney failure that may require dialysis...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a catastrophic but routine complication of cirrhosis occurring in up to 29% of individuals with the disease. AKI in cirrhosis independently carries a six-fold higher risk of in-hospital mortality compared to cirrhosis without AKI [1]. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and acute...

Sepsis, a life-threatening syndrome driven by a dysregulated host response to infection, manifests as systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction [1]. The kidney is particularly vulnerable, with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) significantly exacerbating morbidity and mortality [2,...