
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as a reduction in kidney function for more than 90 days, and is classified based on cause, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) category and albuminuria category [1]. It ranges from early stages, often symptomatic, to Stage 5 kidney failure that may require dialysis...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a catastrophic but routine complication of cirrhosis occurring in up to 29% of individuals with the disease. AKI in cirrhosis independently carries a six-fold higher risk of in-hospital mortality compared to cirrhosis without AKI [1]. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and acute...

Sepsis, a life-threatening syndrome driven by a dysregulated host response to infection, manifests as systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction [1]. The kidney is particularly vulnerable, with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) significantly exacerbating morbidity and mortality [2,...

Systemically administered anticancer vascular endothelial growth factor inhibiting therapies can cause severe kidney injury. Intravitreal aflibercept has a greater impact on renal vascular endothelial growth factor levels than ranibizumab. We compared the risk of kidney injury among patients receiving...

Sepsis-associated AKI is a complex pathologic state driven by dynamic interactions between the host and microbes. The rapid progression and the absence of a molecular clock that stages the disease timeline make precise therapeutic interventions highly challenging. In this review, we aim to refine the...