Nephrotoxicity is the inability of the kidneys to properly detoxify and excrete drugs and toxic chemicals due to destruction or injury caused by endogenous or exogenous toxicants [1]. It is characterized by elevated serum creatinine and urea, decreased GFR (glomerular filtration) rate, and may be accompanied...
Sepsis, a critical and often deadly condition arising from an abnormal defensive response to infection, represents a substantial load on healthcare systems globally [1, 2–3]. It is a primary cause of morbidity and fatalities, with an approximate annual incidence of approximately 31.5 million...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent medical condition among hospitalized patients. AKI occurs in 31 to 65% of patients with septic shock and is linked to higher mortality and consumption of health care resources [1, 2]. A definition for sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI) was developed by the Acute Disease...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and sepsis are common disease, imposing a significant economic burden on healthcare, with direct medical costs of approximately $10 billion and $20 billion annually, respectively [1, 2]. It is notable that the combination of AKI and sepsis frequently occurs in the...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a major global public health challenge, affecting millions of patients worldwide and characterized by a rapid deterioration of renal function over a short period of time [1]. Approximately 10–15% of hospitalized patients experience AKI, with the incidence reaching...