Creatine, widely used by athletes to enhance performance, is generally considered safe, with rare reports of severe renal side effects such as interstitial nephritis [1] or acute tubular necrosis [2]. However, though uncommon, cases of creatine-induced AKI are of growing concern, especially in adolescents...
Nephrotoxicity is the inability of the kidneys to properly detoxify and excrete drugs and toxic chemicals due to destruction or injury caused by endogenous or exogenous toxicants [1]. It is characterized by elevated serum creatinine and urea, decreased GFR (glomerular filtration) rate, and may be accompanied...
Sepsis, a critical and often deadly condition arising from an abnormal defensive response to infection, represents a substantial load on healthcare systems globally [1, 2–3]. It is a primary cause of morbidity and fatalities, with an approximate annual incidence of approximately 31.5 million...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent medical condition among hospitalized patients. AKI occurs in 31 to 65% of patients with septic shock and is linked to higher mortality and consumption of health care resources [1, 2]. A definition for sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI) was developed by the Acute Disease...